Korean Grammar-Basic(기초)
1. 이다, 은
Definition: “이다” is a copula verb meaning “to be,” expressing identity or classification. “은/는” is a topic particle marking the subject of discussion.
Examples (KR): 나는 학생이다. / 책은 재미있다.
Examples (EN): I am a student. / The book is interesting.
2. 이, 이 아니다
Definition: “이/가” is a subject particle marking the grammatical subject. “이 아니다” is the negative form of “이다,” meaning “is not.”
Examples (KR): 이것이 문제다. / 그는 학생이 아니다.
Examples (EN): This is the problem. / He is not a student.
3. -습니다, -습니까, 을, 도
Definition: “-습니다” is a formal declarative ending, “-습니까” is a formal interrogative ending, “을/를” marks the object, and “도” means “also/too.”
Examples (KR): 저는 한국 사람입니다. / 이것을 먹습니까? / 나도 갑니다.
Examples (EN): I am Korean. / Do you eat this? / I’m going too.
4. 과, 하고, 의
Definition: “과/하고” are conjunction particles meaning “and/with.” “의” is a possessive particle indicating ownership or relation.
Examples (KR): 친구와 공부한다. / 책하고 연필을 샀다. / 나의 집입니다.
Examples (EN): I study with my friend. / I bought a book and a pencil. / It’s my house.
5. -어요
Definition: “-어요” is a polite sentence ending used in everyday speech (haeyo-che), showing respect while remaining casual.
Examples (KR): 밥 먹어요. / 어디 가요?
Examples (EN): I’m eating. / Where are you going?
6. -지 않다
Definition: “-지 않다” is a negative construction meaning “not do” or “not be,” used to negate actions or states.
Examples (KR): 공부하지 않아요. / 저는 커피를 마시지 않아요.
Examples (EN): I don’t study. / I don’t drink coffee.
7. 에게, 한테, 만
Definition: “에게/한테” are dative particles indicating the recipient of an action, usually a person. “만” means “only,” expressing limitation.
Examples (KR): 친구에게 선물을 줬어요. / 동생한테 말했어요. / 나만 갔어요.
Examples (EN): I gave a gift to my friend. / I talked to my younger sibling. / Only I went.
8. (장소)에, 에서
Definition: “에” indicates location or destination (static or arrival). “에서” indicates the place where an action occurs.
Examples (KR): 학교에 가요. / 집에서 공부해요.
Examples (EN): I go to school. / I study at home.
9. -었-, (시간)에
Definition: “-었-” marks past tense. “(시간)+에” indicates that an event happened at a specific time.
Examples (KR): 밥을 먹었어요. / 아침에 일어났어요.
Examples (EN): I ate (in the past). / I woke up in the morning.
10. 부터, -지 못하다
Definition: “부터” indicates the starting point of time or action. “-지 못하다” expresses inability to perform an action due to lack of ability or circumstance.
Examples (KR): 오늘부터 운동해요. / 저는 수영을 하지 못해요.
Examples (EN): I’ll exercise starting today. / I cannot swim.
